Image Details
Caption: Figure B1.
Results of direct N-body simulations including fragmentation for three idealized one-arm initial conditions. In all cases, particles are initially placed on a single branch of the V-shaped distribution and satisfy a common apoapsis, Q = acol (black dashed lines). Green curves indicate q = RSat. Left: setup-1, in which debris particles are initially concentrated in a single localized cluster on the same branch. The blue curve indicates the constant aeq, or equivalently constant-angular-momentum contour passing through the mean (a, e) point of the initial cluster. The intersection of this curve with the e = 0 axis gives the corresponding equivalent circular radius aeq = a(1 − e2) in the coplanar limit. Middle: setup-2, in which debris particles are uniformly distributed along the Q = acol branch. Right: setup-3, in which two localized clusters are initially placed at two distinct locations along the Q = acol branch.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.