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Beyond the Monsters: A More Complete Census of Black Hole Activity at Cosmic Dawn

  • Authors: Madisyn Brooks, Jonathan R. Trump, Raymond C. Simons, Justin Cole, Anthony J. Taylor, Micaela B. Bagley, Steven L. Finkelstein, Kelcey Davis, Ricardo O. Amorín, Bren E. Backhaus, Nikko J. Cleri, Mauro Giavalisco, Norman A. Grogin, Michaela Hirschmann, Benne W. Holwerda, Marc Huertas-Company, Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe, Dale D. Kocevski, Anton M. Koekemoer, Ray A. Lucas, Fabio Pacucci, Xin Wang

Madisyn Brooks et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal 1002 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 5.

BH mass as a function of redshift. The broad Hα line detections from our stacks are shown as red filled stars, and 3σ upper limits for the nondetections are as open stars. Two large JWST BLAGN surveys are shown with light blue circles (A. J. Taylor et al. 2025a) and purple pentagons (I. Juodžbalis et al. 2026). The highest and second-highest [O III] luminosity stacks from S. Geris et al. (2026) are shown with cyan squares. We show the growth of a heavy 104−5 M BH seed with fEdd  =  0.1 (gray shading), representing the typical Eddington ratio at lower redshifts (T. T. Ananna et al. 2022). We show three growth paths of a Pop III stellar remnant (102 M) with fEdd  =  1 (solid black line), fEdd  =  0.5 (dashed black line), and fEdd  =  0.1 (dotted black line). In our models, the stellar remnant formed at z = 30, with accretion beginning after a 100 Myr delay.

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