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The Extent of Solar Energetic Particle Irradiation in the Sun’s Protoplanetary Disk

  • Authors: Steven J. Desch, Ashley K. Herbst, Richard L. Hervig, Benjamin Jacobsen

Steven J. Desch et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal 997 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 1.

Trajectories (in a fixed frame) of particles with various radii (1 cm, 1 mm, 100 μm, and 1 μm) in disk winds at 1 au as modeled by X.-N. Bai & J. M. Stone (2013). The three larger particles are started at a height z = 4.6H and orbit the star but eventually settle below the z = 4.5H height from which winds are launched. The 1 μm particle is placed in a disk with surface density 10× larger than the others and is started at the midplane, and is marginally able to escape. These simulations confirm expectations (e.g., S. Giacalone et al. 2019) that only micron-sized particles can be launched in disk winds, and 100 μm-sized particles cannot.

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