Image Details
Caption: Figure 1.
The wall-clock time required for an integration of the solar system with all eight planets for 5 Gyr as reported by W. J. Eckert et al. (1951), C. J. Cohen & E. C. Hubbard (1965), X. X. Newhall et al. (1983), H. Kinoshita & H. Nakai (1984), J. H. Applegate et al. (1986), T. R. Quinn et al. (1991), J. Wisdom & M. Holman (1991), K. Batygin & G. Laughlin (2008), J. Laskar & M. Gastineau (2009), D. S. Abbot et al. (2023), and P. Javaheri et al. (2023). The bottom-right data point shows the result reported in this paper. The four rightmost data points all use a version of either WHFast or WHFast512. The dashed line shows an exponential function, halving the wall time every 2.5 yr. The data has been adopted from Sam Hadden, https://shadden.github.io/nbody_history/. A historical N-body scaling figure for large N appears in W. Dehnen & J. I. Read (2011).
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.