Image Details
Caption: Figure 3.
Left to right: the position offsets of the matched stars, the model global GDs with Zernike polynomicals, and the residuals between the observed offsets and the model GD, respectively. The top panels correspond to a dense field, while the bottom panels correspond to a sparse field. Arrow lengths are scaled according to the reference scale bar shown in each panel.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.