Dependence of the subhalo abundance N _>0.10 on ( a) mass M ₁₂ in unit of 10 ¹²  M _☉ (left), ( b) concentration parameter c = r ₀/ R _v (right). The white circles denote the halos with 1.5 × 10 ¹²  M _☉ ⩽ M < 3 × 10 ¹²  M _☉. The black circles denote the halos with 3 × 10 ¹²  M _☉ ⩽ M < 1 × 10 ¹³  M _☉.