(a) Results of SPH simulation of disruptive impacts at 5.3 km s⁻¹ into 50 m diameter Bennu (top) and basalt (bottom) boulders, demonstrating the propagation of damage in the interior of the targets with time. Each sequence shows a slice through the middle of the target coplanar with the impactor’s velocity, with the impactor having traveled from the left to the right. The SPH particles are colored by their damage, with red indicating fully damaged (damage parameter = 1). (b) The final snapshot of each simulation (at 200 ms), with the SPH particles colored by their speed along the direction of impact (bluer colors, same direction as projectile; warmer colors, opposite direction of projectile).