Image Details
Caption: Figure 5.
Predicted equilibrium mixed depth and surface abundance (Equation (26)–(27)) as a function of the accretion rate. The red horizontal band shows the observed total heavy-element mass fraction in G 29–38 from S. Xu et al. (2014), with the width reflecting the 1σ uncertainty propagated from the individual element abundances.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.