Image Details
Caption: Figure 2.
Atmospheric loss increases with decreasing atmosphere mass fraction, but follows previously identified trends with impact angle, velocity, and mass ratio. The data shown are the calculated combined atmospheric loss fractions for impacts with different impact angles/parameters (b, columns), impactor-to-total system mass ratios (γ, rows), and impact velocities (vc, colors and symbol types). The near- and far-field components of loss are shown separately in Figures B2 and B1.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.