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Wave-growth-limited Particle Confinement in a Near-parallel Interplanetary Shock Observed by Parker Solar Probe

  • Authors: A. Kouloumvakos, I. C. Jebaraj, M. A. Malkov, G. D. Berland, M. Gedalin, N. Wijsen, C. M. S. Cohen, O. V. Agapitov, D. J. McComas, D. G. Mitchell, E. Husidic, S. Yadav, M. E. Hill, R. McNutt

A. Kouloumvakos et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1011 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 4.

The evolution of the proton energy spectrum on 2023 March 13 observed by PSP/IS⊙IS EPI-Lo (ChanP, filled symbols) and EPI-Hi (LETA and HETA, open symbols). Black, red, and orange symbols correspond to the all-directions, sunward-looking (anti-sunward-streaming), and anti-sunward-looking (sunward-streaming) aperture averages, respectively. Top row (panels (a)–(d)): 15 minute averaged spectra at four representative times well before the shock. Bottom row (panels (e)–(h)): 1 minute averaged spectra in the 4 minutes immediately around the shock arrival at 07:13 UT (panels (e)–(g) upstream, panel (h) downstream). In every panel, the red-dashed line marks the asymptotic strong-shock DSA reference j(E) ∝ E−1; the gray solid line marks the steeper reference power law j(E) ∝ E−2.7.

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