Image Details
Caption: Figure 9.
Minimum gap-opening mass ﹩{M}_{{\rm{\min }}}﹩ (C. A. Sinclair et al. 2020) and pebble isolation mass Miso (M. Lambrechts et al. 2014; C. A. Sinclair et al. 2020) for each gap and cavity in our sample (Table A4), with filled and open symbols distinguishing, respectively, inner substructures and faint outer rings (Table D1). Values are compared to the population of confirmed exoplanets around M and K stars (NASA Exoplanet Archive, J. L. Christiansen et al. 2025) and to inferred planet masses in larger disks around M and K stars (A. Ruzza et al. 2025, 2026).
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.