Image Details
Caption: Figure 4.
Snapshots of the radiation energy density Er,0 at two moments: when the star is at the disk midplane (top row) and when the star is about to exit the disk (middle row), for four different stellar incident angles θ = 90∘, 112∘, 135∘, and 157∘ in the disk coorbiting frame (left to right). The white solid and dotted contours mark the surface where the electron-scattering optical depth integrated from above reaches τes = 1 and 7. For the most oblique case (θ = 157∘), the bow shock breaks out through the disk surface before the star exits, so the snapshot in the middle row is instead taken at the moment of the first shock breakout. The bottom panels show the corresponding excess luminosity ΔL as a function of time; vertical dashed lines indicate the times of the snapshots shown above.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.