Absolute metallicity-residual distributions produced by formation and migration processes (panel (a)), epicyclic blurring (panel (b)), and the combination of both effects (panel (c)). Different colors indicate different epicyclic amplitudes, while different line styles indicate different amounts of scatter from formation and migration. To produce these curves, we have used m_R = −0.0678 dex kpc^–1 as measured for μ = [Fe/H] by Z. Hackshaw et al. (2024).