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Across the Universe: GW231123 as a Magnified and Diffracted Black Hole Merger

  • Authors: Srashti Goyal, Hector Villarrubia-Rojo, Miguel Zumalacárregui

Srashti Goyal et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1008 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure E1.

Alternatives to a single heavy microlens (isolated configurations at zL = 0.6, zS = 1.2), in order of increasing complexity. Each row shows the magnification map and time-delay contours in the lens plane (left panels, physical units; microlens positions, image positions, and source as labeled), the time-domain lensing response I(t), and the amplification factor ∣F(f)∣ (right panels); the isolated point lens (black dashed) is repeated in all rows for comparison. Top panels: fiducial isolated point lens with MLz = 103 M and image delay Δt ≈ 20 ms, comparable to the GW231123 wave-optics feature. Middle panels: extended gSIS lens (k = 3/2) matched to the point lens’ delay and peak amplification. The effective mass MLz ≃ 770 M, but total (virial) mass Mvir ≃ 1.4 × 104 M. Bottom panels: 62 point lenses of 10 M within 0.75 RE (same total mass and source offset). The stellar field reproduces the heavy lens’ response, resolving the saddle spike into micro-caustic features.

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