Image Details
Caption: Figure A2.
Progression of two more example simulated collisions. Instantaneous phase (solid, mixed solid and liquid, liquid, mixed liquid and vapor, vapor, or supercritical fluid) and density in the midplane as two example collisions progress. The number in the upper right of each panel is the simulation time in hours. Phase panels show SPH particle positions, while density panels show the fluid representation using interpolation. Rows A and B: a hit-and-run collision with a 0.1 M⊕ target, a mass ratio of 0.5 at 4vesc, and an impact angle of 60∘ (b = 0.87). Rows C and D: an erosive collision with a 0.1 M⊕ target, a mass ratio of 0.1 at 12vesc, and an impact angle of 30∘ (b = 0.5). Note a different scale is used for each collision. Corresponding materials plots are shown in Figure A1.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.