Projected spin–orbit angle ∣i_s − i_o∣ for each star in the JA20 dataset versus semimajor axis. In blue, the violin plot shows the probability distribution for each system, with black points indicating the median. The vertical black line separates the two populations at a_cutoff = 31–38 au. Interior (exterior) to a_cutoff, the green (orange) dotted line represents the 3σ bound of possible projected spin–orbit angles from the κ₁ (κ₂) posterior. Right: inferred population-level probability distributions of ∣i_s − i_o∣ computed from the posterior of κ₁ and κ₂ in Figure 6.