Image Details
Caption: Figure 5.
Atmospheric loss and water loss evolutions of Earth orbiting the Sun (top row), a K dwarf (middle row), and an M dwarf (bottom row). The burgundy and orange shaded areas show the range of evolutions according to maximum and minimum combinations of radioactive elements in the inner and outer habitable zones of the host star. The green indicates all evolutions that fall within the host’s habitable zone.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.