Image Details
Caption: Figure 2.
Evolution of Earth orbiting the Sun using VPLanet (6 Gyr). From top to bottom: decay of radioactive elements, magnetic evolution, and atmospheric mass loss over time. The dotted line in the middle panel marks when the iron core begins solidifying. We chose the average surface magnetic field strength of the Sun to be 5 Gauss.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.