Image Details
Caption: Figure 4.
Atmospheric and water loss of an Earth-like planet for three stellar systems: (a), (b) G dwarf (Sun) at 1 au; (c), (d) K dwarf (HD22049) central habitable zone; and (e), (f) M dwarf (TRAPPIST-1) central habitable zone. The mass losses shown in (a), (b), (c), and (d) are after 6 Gyr of system integration.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.