Ablation study of the physics-informed loss weighting. (a) MAE of the reconstructed electron density relative to the ground truth as a function of the physics loss weight. (b) CC between reconstructed and ground-truth densities. Increasing the physics weight improves reconstruction quality up to an optimal range around 10⁻²–10⁻¹. For excessively large weights (λ = 1), the solution quality degrades as the optimization becomes dominated by the physical regularization terms at the expense of fitting the observations.