Image Details
Caption: Figure 4.
Time-averaged measurements of the gravitational power and torque exerted on binaries by their disks, normalized by the energy and angular momentum of the binary, respectively, in units of ﹩\dot{m}/m﹩. We focus here on binaries with eccentricities e ∈ [0.0125, 0.6] and disks with Mach numbers ﹩{ \mathcal M }\in \{10,20,30\}﹩. All time averaging was performed over the final 1200 binary orbits of each simulation.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.