Image Details
Caption: Figure 3.
Robustness to the sole free parameter. F1 score versus β for each synthetic benchmark category (dashed and dashed–dotted lines) and overall (solid line). Performance is stable: the overall F1 varies by only 0.040 across β ∈ [2.0, 4.5].
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.