Image Details
Caption: Figure 3.
Illustration of the relationship between the Sun and Mars throughout a Martian year. The solar longitude (Ls) is the angle between the Sun and Mars, measured from the position of the northern hemisphere’s spring equinox, defined as Ls = 0°. Thus, Ls = 90° corresponds to the northern summer solstice, Ls = 180° marks the northern fall equinox, and Ls = 270° corresponds to the northern winter solstice.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.