Mean impact velocity distribution on Saturn’s rings at different orbital phases. The X–Y plane represents Saturn’s orbital plane, with the −X-direction pointing toward the Sun and the +Y-direction aligned with Saturn’s orbital motion. Panels (a)−(d) show the impact velocity distribution on the northern ring plane at orbital phases of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively. Panels (e)−(h) are the corresponding impact velocity distribution on the southern ring plane.