Image Details
Caption: Figure 7.
Energies of Saturn’s ℓ ∼ m f-modes as a function of the angular wavenumber ℓ. Black dots are observed modes from V. M. Afigbo et al. (2025). The curves show predicted energies for rotating and nonrotating convective excitation and the damping rates shown in Figure 3. Convective excitation cannot account for the observed mode energies.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.