Time evolution of atmospheric mass for hypothetical rocky planets with core masses of 0.5 M_⊕, 1 M_⊕, and 2 M_⊕ (solid, dashed, and dashed–dotted lines, respectively), orbiting at 0.1 au and radius calculated using mass–radius relation of Earth-like rocky planets (L. Zeng et al. 2019). Curves represent the evolution of atmospheric mass under energy-limited atmospheric escape under evolving stellar XUV flux. Initial atmosphere masses are derived from different disk scenarios: gas-rich dusty (black), gas-poor dusty (blue), and gas-poor dust-free (orange).