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Spectral Appearance of Self-gravitating Disks Powered by Stellar Objects: Universal Effective Temperature in the Optical Continuum and Application to Little Red Dots

  • Authors: Yi-Xian Chen, Hanpu Liu, Ruancun Li, Bingjie Wang, Yilun Ma, Yan-Fei Jiang, Jenny E. Greene, Eliot Quataert, Jeremy Goodman

Yi-Xian Chen et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1003 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 7.

Left: example SEDs for selected α = 0.01 disk models by integrating blackbody emission over each disk annulus. All solid lines assume γ = 1, while the dashed and dotted lines correspond to the ﹩{M}_{\bullet }=1{0}^{7}{M}_{\odot },\dot{M}=0.01{M}_{\odot }\,{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}﹩ model with γ = 0.5, 0.1, respectively, which allows for more UV radiation from the inner AGN disk. We vary ﹩\dot{M},{M}_{\bullet }﹩ , and not α since we expect from Equation (11) that disks with similar ﹩\dot{M}/\alpha ﹩ at a given M will have similar emission, so that they can be scaled to higher viable α values easily. A representative LRD spectrum (RUBIES-UDS 40579) is plotted in gray. Right: disk luminosity vs. Teff(Rout) for different ﹩\dot{M},{M}_{\bullet }﹩ parameters, with hollow symbols being scaled by 0.1× to naively demonstrate effects of the viewing angle. The self-gravitating disk naturally shows a “Hayashi limit.”

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