(a) Traces of nine electron trajectories in the entire simulation period for 1 au parameters and their corresponding histograms. All particles are initially antiparallel to the wave (vz < 0). The initial speeds are 0; 0.01; 0.02; ...; 0.08 c, which correspond to 0; 26; 102; ...; 1643 eV. Panels A1 and A2 show the interaction with a single 5° whistler. Panels B1 and B2 show the interaction with a 0° whistler packet. Panels C1 and C2 show the interaction with a single 65° whistler. Panels D1 and D2 show the interaction with a 65° whistler packet. The vertical dashed lines indicate the resonance surfaces; the dotted elliptical curves are the lines of constant energy surface in the wave frame. (b) shows animations for the single wave cases (on the left) similar to Figure 5(a) panels A1 and C1. The right-hand animations are for wave packets, similar to panels B1 and D1. Note that Figure 5(a) only shows the initially antiparallel particles, while Figure 5(b) includes particles initially both parallel and antiparallel to the waves.

(An animation of this figure is available.)

The video/animation of this figure is available in the online journal.