Image Details
Caption: Figure 4.
Electron acceleration in the unsteady loop top at t = 138 s, perturbed by a plasmoid collision. The panel layout is the same as in Figure 2. In sharp contrast to the quasi-steady case, both Fermi reflection (orange) and betatron (green) gains are positive. This synergy drives efficient net acceleration, shown by the rapid increase in total kinetic energy (black).
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.