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Discovering Strong Gravitational Lenses in the Dark Energy Survey with Interactive Machine Learning and Crowd-sourced Inspection with Space Warps

  • Authors: J. González, P. Holloway, T. Collett, A. Verma, K. Bechtol, P. Marshall, A. More, J. Acevedo Barroso, G. Cartwright, M. Martinez, T. Li, K. Rojas, S. Schuldt, S. Birrer, H. T. Diehl, R. Morgan, A. Drlica-Wagner, J. H. O'Donnell, E. Zaborowski, B. Nord, E. M. Baeten, L. C. Johnson, C. Macmillan, T. M. C. Abbott, M. Aguena, S. S. Allam, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, D. L. Burke, A. Carnero Rosell, J. Carretero, R. Cawthon, T. M. Davis, J. De Vicente, S. Desai, P. Doel, S. Everett, B. Flaugher, J. Frieman, J. García-Bellido, E. Gaztanaga, G. Giannini, D. Gruen, R. A. Gruendl, G. Gutierrez, S. R. Hinton, D. L. Hollowood, K. Honscheid, D. J. James, K. Kuehn, O. Lahav, S. Lee, M. Lima, J. L. Marshall, J. Mena-Fernández, R. Miquel, J. Myles, M. E. S. Pereira, A. Pieres, A. A. Plazas Malagón, A. Roodman, S. Samuroff, E. Sanchez, D. Sanchez Cid, B. Santiago, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, M. Smith, E. Suchyta, G. Tarle, D. L. Tucker, V. Vikram, A. R. Walker, N. Weaverdyck

J. González et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal 1002 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 7.

Summary of our selection workflow, illustrating the reduction from 230 million images to 1328 SL candidates and eight DSPL candidates. Both ML models were applied to the DES cutout images, and those exceeding a chosen threshold were inspected by citizen scientists. The highest-scoring images were then reviewed by experts. The number at the bottom of each block represents the number of subjects reported in the SLED database as SL candidates including all reported scores and candidates identified in other surveys. We report 1328 strong lensing candidates and eight potential DSPL candidates.

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