Image Details
Caption: Figure 4.
CLIP-GMC training curves for Galaxy10 DECaLS (left column) and Galaxy MNIST (right column) across data fractions of 1%, 10%, 50%, and 100%. Shaded bands indicate ±1σ across five random seeds. (a), (b) Training loss; (c), (d) accuracy; (e), (f) macro F1-score.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.