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From Earths to Super-Earths: Five New Small Planets Transiting M Dwarf Stars

Authors: Jonathan Gomez Barrientos, Heather A. Knutson, Morgan Saidel, Michael Greklek-McKeon, W. Garrett Levine, Nicholas Saunders, Howard Isaacson, Renyu Hu, Karen A. Collins, David R. Ciardi, Polina A. Budnikova, Dmitry V. Cheryasov, Samuel W. Yee, Diogo Souto, Aida Behmard, Akihiko Fukui, Avi Shporer, Akanksha Khandelwal, Bob Massey, Brice-Oliver Demory, Catherine A. Clark, Chris Stockdale, Emily A. Gilbert, Enric Palle, Francis P. Wilkin, Felipe Murgas, Francis Zong Lang, Ilse Plauchu-Frayn, Jessie L. Christiansen, Jon M. Jenkins, Joseph D. Twicken, Keith Horne, Michaël Gillon, Monika Lendl, Michael B. Lund, Norio Narita, Pam Rowden, Ramotholo Sefako, Richard P. Schwarz, Steven Giacalone, Urs Schroffenegger, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew

Jonathan Gomez Barrientos et al 2026 The Astronomical Journal 171 .

Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 6.

Left: the cosmic shoreline for early M dwarfs (0.36 M_⊙ < M_⋆ < 0.6 M_⊙) from K. J. Zahnle & D. C. Catling (2017). Right: the cosmic shoreline for mid-to-late M dwarfs, as defined by E. K. Pass et al. (2025). In both panels the circles show the population of nearby (<50 pc) exoplanets with radii smaller than 1.5 R_⊕ from the NASA Exoplanet Archive (accessed 2025 July 15; R. L. Akeson et al. 2013; NASA Exoplanet Archive 2024; J. L. Christiansen et al. 2025). Our targets are shown as stars. The colors of the data points correspond to their transmission spectroscopy metric (TSM). If confirmed to have an Earth-like bulk composition, TOI-5728 b would join the very small sample of rocky planets orbiting mid-to-late M dwarfs that are expected to have retained atmospheres.

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