Image Details
Caption: Figure 4.
Sky-projected stellar obliquity ∣λ∣ and 3D stellar obliquity ψ for near-resonant systems. The maximum expected level of stellar obliquity excitation in the convergent migration framework is shown in gray. All ψ values have been measured for separate planetary systems, while V1298 Tau and TRAPPIST-1 include two and three separate displayed ∣λ∣ values, respectively.
© 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.