Closed (magenta) and open (blue) magnetic field lines viewed in the xz-plane at y = 9 Mm, for (a) PAD09, (b) PAD10, and (c) PAD09R. For (a) and (b), plots are shown at t = 30 time steps (left, 0.6 rotations), t = 70 (center, 1.4 rotations—after onset of kink), and t = 200 (right, 4 rotations). For (c), PAD09R, plots are shown at t = 0 time steps (left), t = 70 (center), and t = 200 (right). Note that PAD09 and PAD09R are identical at t = 0 and t = 30 time steps, so plot (a) left and (c) left apply to both simulations. An animation of the xz-plane at y = 9 Mm for the (a) PAD09, (b) PAD10, and (c) PAD09R simulations from time step 0 to 200 is provided online.

(An animation of this figure is available.)

The video/animation of this figure is available in the online journal.