Image Details
Caption: Figure 4.
Change in envelope mass ΔMenv ﹩\left(\,{M}_{\oplus }\right)﹩ of TOI-2257 b (mini-Neptune case) as a function of initial Menv and ϵXUV over the range [0.05, 1]. Contours represent ΔMenv after evolution under photoevaporative mass loss. Higher ϵXUV leads to greater atmospheric erosion, especially when the planet has a low initial Menv.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.