Distribution of ﹩| \cos \theta | ﹩ between the galaxy major axis and the tidal field t₁ direction for central galaxies in two stellar mass bins, using warped galaxies and a matched nonwarped control sample. The left and right panels correspond to ﹩8\leqslant \mathrm{log}({M}_{\star }/{M}_{\odot })\lt 10﹩ and ﹩10\leqslant \mathrm{log}({M}_{\star }/{M}_{\odot })\lt 11.5﹩, respectively. The curves show probability density functions (PDFs) computed from the data normalized relative to a uniform distribution. The shaded regions represent 1σ uncertainties estimated via bootstrap resampling (N_boot = 2000).