Image Details
Caption: Figure 1.
Particle energy probability density functions obtained from “2.5D” particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of decaying magnetically dominated turbulence for varying magnetization parameters and strengths of the guide field. Details of the simulations can be found in C. Vega et al. (2022b). The turbulence was initialized in a square box L × L = 2010de × 2010de, using N = 8 first Fourier modes. The outer scale of the turbulence is then defined as Lout = L/8. In the top panel, we calculate the maximum gamma factor as ﹩{\gamma }_{{\rm{\max }}}={L}_{out}\sqrt{{\sigma }_{0}}/{d}_{e}﹩, with B0/δB0 = 1. In the bottom panel, the role of the guide field is played by large-scale turbulent fluctuations, allowing us to effectively assume B0/δB0 ≈ 1 and use the definition ﹩{\gamma }_{{\rm{\max }}}={L}_{out}\sqrt{{\tilde{\sigma }}_{0}}/{d}_{e}﹩.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.