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Direct Images of CO2 Absorption in the Atmosphere of a Super-Jupiter: Enhanced Metallicity Suggestive of Formation in a Disk

  • Authors: William O. Balmer, Laurent Pueyo, Ashley Messier, Evelyn Bruinsma, Jeremy Jones, Klara Matuszewska, Marshall D. Perrin, Julien H. Girard, Jarron M. Leisenring, Kellen Lawson, Roeland P. van der Marel, Jens Kammerer, Aarynn Carter, Mathilde Mâlin, Kimberly Ward-Duong, Kielan K. W. Hoch, Emily Rickman, Sara Seager

William O. Balmer et al 2026 The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1001 .

  • Provider: AAS Journals

Caption: Figure 3.

(a) The surface of the best model fit to the CHARA/PAVO observations of 29 Cygni A. The dots represent the grid of colatitudes and longitudes facing the observer. The blue circles and error bars represent the radii fitted to each visibility measurement at a given baseline orientation. The observations are duplicated at 180°. (b) Spin–orbit alignment trend for planetary mass directly imaged companions with orbits a < 100 au. This figure follows from A. G. Sepulveda et al. (2024, their Figure 7) but with orbits updated from the literature and including our new measurement of 29 Cyg b (yellow star). The references for stellar and planetary inclination angles are, respectively: HR 8799 bcde (J. J. Wang et al. 2018; A. G. Sepulveda et al. 2023); PDS 70 bc (B. P. Bowler et al. 2023; D. Trevascus et al. 2025); β Pic bc (K. Zwintz et al. 2019; S. Lacour et al. 2021); HIP 65426 b (S. Blunt et al. 2023; A. G. Sepulveda et al. 2024); AF Lep b (Z. Zhang et al. 2023; W. O. Balmer et al. 2025a); 51 Eri b (B. P. Bowler et al. 2023; W. O. Balmer et al. 2026, in preparation); and 29 Cyg b (this work).

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