Image Details
Caption: Figure 4.
Sky-projected obliquity (∣λ∣) as a function of stellar age for systems younger than 1 Gyr. Systems with well-constrained ages (fractional uncertainty ≤ 30%) are shown in purple, while those with poorly constrained ages (>30%) are shown in gray. Planets with radii Rp < 6 R⊕ or masses Mp < 30 M⊕ are highlighted with red-edged markers and labeled individually. The Kozai–Lidov and secular-interaction contours are adapted from G. Zhou et al. (2020), where Kozai interactions can occur over 104–108 yr and secular interactions may take over hundreds of megayears. The blue-shaded region highlights the regime in which tidal evolution is expected to become important. Giant planets with strong misalignment (∣λ∣ > 50°) are also labeled. Our targets, TOI-560 b (yellow) and TOI-5082 b (green), are highlighted for comparison.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.