Average pulse profile of PSR J0030+0451’s emission in three energy bands. Top and bottom panels: γ-ray (0.1–100 GeV) and radio (1.4 GHz) profiles from the second Fermi pulsar catalog (Abdo et al. 2013). Middle panel: NICER X-ray profile (0.25–3.00 keV) from Bogdanov et al. (2019, used in R19). Radio and γ-ray profiles were produced using the same ephemerides, while an extra phase offset was added to the X-ray profile to match relative position of the X-ray profile peaks from the rigorous multi-wavelength analysis of Abdo et al. (2009).