(a) Model initialization and (b) e-folding relaxation times as an inverse function of crater diameter d. The model domain is initialized with a cylinder of N₂ ice and a crater at the center of the cylinder. Here, the crater has an apparent depth of 2 km and a diameter of 40 km, and the corresponding ice cylinder has a diameter of 160 km. The max height of the crater rim is 0.75 km. In all of the simulations in (b), the aspect ratio of crater depth and diameter is set to 1 : 10, N₂ ice thickness is 4 km, and ice temperature is 38 K. The solid black lines illustrate the scaling relationships of Equations (3) and (4) respectively. The red dashed–dotted curve indicates numerical results.