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Caption: Figure 6.
The final rotation rates relative to their breakup velocities as a function of mass for substellar objects. The left column assumes companion spins are aligned with their orbital planes, and the right column assumes randomly oriented spin axes. The top row only considers substellar companions excluding Jupiter and Saturn, the middle row includes Jupiter and Saturn, and the bottom row also includes free-floating substellar objects. In each plot, 50 possible power-law relations using the fits from Table 4 are plotted as purple lines with their dispersions shaded in blue. HR 8799 d is green and e is yellow. HR 8799 c is in red, but we note that one should consider this an upper limit. Other substellar companions with robust spin measurements are plotted in black. Free-floating objects are plotted in gray. Rotational velocities derived from photometrically measured rotation periods are unchanged between the two plots.
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© 2021. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
