Left: the joint PDF between eccentricity and inclination, shown as 1σ and 2σ contours for each planet (using the weighted fits for HR 8799e). As stability requirements likely necessitate low-eccentricity orbits, we note that and inclination of ∼30° is allowed for HR 8799b, c, and d at low eccentricity at 1σ (solid line), and for HR 8799 e at 2σ (dashed line). Right: the joint PDF between eccentricity and longitude of the ascending node (Ω), shown as 1σ contours (2σ is not shown to enhance clarity). At low eccentricity, all planets are consistent between 50° and 70°.