Orientation of the tidal bulge. Panel (a) displays the bulge of the ice shell under the action of the static tide, and the other panels display the bulge under the action of the total tide, depending on whether the shell is hard (panel (b)) or soft (panel (c)). For given values of γ_S and γ_ice (angles of Saturn in its epicycle and of the shell, respectively), the resulting orientation of the bulge (γ_bul) depends on the shell’s hardness. When it is hard, the shell hardly changes its shape relative to γ_ice. When it is soft, the bulge nearly points at Saturn, whatever the value of γ_ice. The hardness parameter ﹩{ \mathcal R }﹩ is defined in Equation (27).