Image Details
Caption: Figure 2.
Learned likelihood functions ﹩P({\rm{feature}}| {\rm{age}})﹩ for the two retained Gaia DR3 features, predicted by the conditional density MLPs. Both features decrease with age, reflecting the transition from crowded, dusty young cluster environments to quieter older fields. The shaded region shows the learned ±1σ spread.
© 2026. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.