Glitch rise dynamics for different L₀ values using the PKDD interaction. (a) Temporal evolution of the crustal frequency shift Δν, showing an overshoot whose peak and timing depend on L₀. The gray line indicates the final glitch step size 16.02 μHz (J. Palfreyman et al. 2018). (b) Corresponding model timing residuals compared to observations from J. Palfreyman et al. (2018) and V. Graber et al. (2018). The inset highlights the first 15 s, demonstrating the model’s sensitivity to L₀ during the initial rise.