Above/below (gray/black) period–radius valley KOI populations used in the binning process with colored lines representing various atmospheric escape limits. KOIs below any given lines may viably retain atmospheres of corresponding compositions. Here, the cyan line corresponds to the power law relation between insolation and escape velocity as detailed in K. J. Zahnle & D. C. Catling (2017). Solar system planets are also shown for reference. KOI parameters have been updated according to J. J. Lissauer et al. (2024).