Eight snapshots of one of the simulations in the baseline model (Table 3). Each planet is represented by a circle of size r ∝ m^1/3. The color of each planet indicates the fraction of the planet’s mass that is in the atmosphere; it follows a bi-linear scale, first from 0% (red) to 1% (yellow), and then to 10% (blue). Each planet also has a horizontal line that goes from apastron to periastron. The vertical axis is the orbital inclination for each planet. The gray region shows the height of the disk as an inclination, I = tan⁻¹(H/r), where H is the disk scale height and r is the orbital separation. The snapshot at t = 1 Myr shows the initial conditions of the N-body simulation: 125 embryos with a mass of 0.4 M_⊕ each, spaced according to the solid surface density at the time when planetesimals form (t = 0; see main text). The snapshot at t = 5 Myr occurs just before the disk dissipates. (An animation is available at https://youtu.be/14OqAkn_OR0 and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1401675.)