SDSS r-band magnitude as a function of observed X-ray flux in the 0.5–2 keV band. The solid line defines the typical X-ray-to-optical flux ratio of AGNs (Brandt & Hasinger 2005), while the dashed lines show the X/O = ±1 locus within which most AGNs lie (see Equation (3)). Stars are identified by their optical spectra while AGNs and galaxies are classified based on their observed 0.5–10 keV luminosity, with 1042 erg s−1 being the dividing line.